I went back and looked at all the threads in this post and I don't see if the block was drained. If not, there's a large amount of coolant/water in there. That may account for the low amount of coolant you can add.
Before you go any farther, be sure you know the concentration of antifreeze in the system. A simple ball tester from the parts store should do it.
If the concentration is low, I'd drain what I could again and add as much 100% antifreeze as I could and test again. If it's close I'd drive it and see what happens as long as you had washed out the radiator.
I don't recall your location but the antifreeze concentration is not only important to stop freezing but also for corrosion control as you can see from the condition of your system.
If you want to go further, the radiator should go to a proper shop for cleaning and repair.
I'm hopeful you have solved the problem with the steps you have taken so far.